Proof of facts by oral evidence

Oral testimony can prove any fact in a case except the contents of documents. When the contents of a document are in issue, you cannot prove them by a witness merely repeating the document; the document itself or other documentary evidence must be produced. This rule applies in court proceedings.

Priya sues a shopkeeper saying she paid for goods. She can testify that she handed over money, but she cannot prove the exact words on the written receipt by simply reading them out; to prove the receipt’s contents she must produce the actual receipt or other documentary proof.