Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts
AI Assist
Summary
When a document uses plain words that accurately describe existing facts, outside evidence cannot be used to show those words were not meant to apply. Courts will exclude testimony or papers that contradict a clear written description. This preserves the written meaning of the document.
Example
Ravi executes a deed selling to Priya "my house at Rampur containing 100 bighas." Ravi actually owns that house at Rampur with 100 bighas. Priya cannot introduce evidence that the seller meant a different property; the clear words of the deed control.
Bare Act
Enacted textWhen language used in a document is plain in itself, and when it applies accurately to existing facts, evidence may not be given to show that it was not meant to apply to such facts.
Illustrations
A sells to B, by deed, my estate at Rampur containing 100 bighas. A has an estate at Rampur containing 100 bighas. Evidence may not be given of the fact that the estate meant to be sold was one situated at a different place and of a different size.
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