Exclusion of Evidence against application of document to existing facts
AI Assist
Summary
When the words of a document are plain and accurately describe existing facts, the court will not allow evidence that the parties meant something else. This applies where a written description clearly matches a property or other existing thing. The written words control, and extrinsic evidence to change their meaning is barred.
Example
Ravi sells to Priya by deed stating "my field at Rampur containing one hundred bighas" and he actually owns that Rampur field. They cannot introduce evidence that he really meant to sell a different field in another village. The deed's plain words control, so the sale covers the Rampur field as written.
Bare Act
Enacted textWhen language used in a document is plain in itself, and when it applies accurately to existing facts, evidence may not be given to show that it was not meant to apply to such facts.
Illustration.
A sells to B, by deed, "my estate at Rampur containing one hundred bighas". A has an estate at Rampur containing one hundred bighas. Evidence may not be given of the fact that the estate meant to be sold was one situated at a different place and of a different size.
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