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BNS, 2023
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BNSChapter IIISection 44
Section44

Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person

AI Assist

Summary

When someone faces an attack that reasonably causes fear of death, they may use private defence even if defending will risk harm to innocent persons. If there is no effective way to repel the deadly attack without creating that risk, the right extends to running the risk. Harm to innocents caused in that necessary defence is not an offence.

Example

Ravi is attacked by a mob trying to murder him. He can only stop the attackers by firing, but some young children are mingled with the crowd. If he fires and unintentionally harms any of the children, he does not commit an offence.

Bare Act

Enacted text

If in the exercise of the right of private defence against an assault which reasonably causes the apprehension of death, the defender be so situated that he cannot effectually exercise that right without risk of harm to an innocent person, his right of private defence extends to the running of that risk.

Illustration

A is attacked by a mob who attempt to murder him. He cannot effectually exercise his right of private defence without firing on the mob, and he cannot fire without risk of harming young children who are mingled with the mob. A commits no offence if by so firing he harms any of the children.

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III

Chapter III

General Exceptions

In this chapter

  • 14Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law
  • 15Act of Judge when acting judicially
  • 16Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court
  • 17Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself, justified, by law
  • 18Accident in doing a lawful act
  • 19Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm
  • 20Act of a child under seven years of age
  • 21Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding
  • 22Act of a person of unsound mind
  • 23Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will
  • 24Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated
  • 25Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent
  • 26Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person’s benefit
  • 27Act done in good faith for benefit of child or person with unsound mind, by or by consent of guardian
  • 28Consent known to be given under fear or misconception
  • 29Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused
  • 30Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent
  • 31Communication made in good faith
  • 32Act to which a person compelled by threats
  • 33Act causing slight harm
  • 34Things done in private defence
  • 35Right of private defence of the body and of property
  • 36Right of private defence against the act of a person with unsound mind, etc
  • 37Acts against which there is no right of private defence
  • 38When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death
  • 39When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
  • 40Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body
  • 41When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death
  • 42When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
  • 43Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property
  • 44Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person
Previous · Section 43Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of propertyNext · Section 45Abetment of a thing