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IEA, 1872
Start Practicing
IEAChapter XSection 144
Section144

Evidence as to matters in writing

AI Assist

Summary

A witness can be asked whether the contract, grant or other transfer they are testifying about was contained in a document. If the witness says it was, or is about to state the document’s contents and the court thinks the document should be produced, the other party can object until the document is produced or facts allow secondary evidence. A witness may also relate relevant statements made by others about a document.

Example

Priya testifies that a rental agreement with Karan existed and that its terms were in a written lease. When Priya tries to describe the lease terms, the other party objects and the court requires the lease to be produced or facts allowing secondary evidence before she can testify to its contents.

Bare Act

Enacted text

Any witness may be asked, whilst under examination whether any contract, grant or other disposition of property, as to which he is giving evidence, was not contained in a document, and if he says that it was, or if he is about to make any statement as to the contents of any document, which in the opinion of the Court, ought to be produced, the adverse party may object to such evidence being given until such document is produced, or until facts have been proved which entitle the party who called the witness to give secondary evidence of it.

Explanations

A witness may give oral evidence of statements made by other persons about the contents of documents if such statements are in themselves relevant facts.

Illustrations

The question is, whether A assaulted B.
C deposes that he heard A say to D- B wrote a letter accusing me of theft, and I will be revenged on him. This statement is relevant, as showing A’s motive for the assault, and evidence may be given of it, though no other evidence is given about the letter.

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X

Chapter X

Of the Examination of Witnesses

In this chapter

  • 135Order of production and examination of witnesses
  • 136Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence
  • 137Examination-in-chief
  • 138Order of examinations
  • 139Cross-examination of person called to produce a document
  • 140Witnesses to character
  • 141Leading questions
  • 142When they must not be asked
  • 143When they may be asked
  • 144Evidence as to matters in writing
  • 145Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing
  • 146Questions lawful in cross-examination
  • 147When witness to be compelled to answer
  • 148Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer
  • 149Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds
  • 150Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds
  • 151Indecent and scandalous questions
  • 152Questions intended to insult or annoy
  • 153Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity
  • 154Question by party to his own witness
  • 155Impeaching credit of witness
  • 156Question tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible
  • 157Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact
  • 158What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33
  • 159Refreshing memory
  • 160Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 159
  • 161Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory
  • 162Production of documents
  • 163Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice
  • 164Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice
  • 165Judge’s power to put questions or order production
  • 166Power of jury or assessors to put questions
Previous · Section 143When they may be askedNext · Section 145Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing