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IEA, 1872
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IEAChapter XSection 159
Section159

Refreshing memory

AI Assist

Summary

A witness may refresh their memory during examination by referring to a writing made by them at the time of, or soon after, the transaction if the Court thinks the memory was then fresh. They may also use a writing by another person that they read soon after and knew to be correct. With Court permission and a sufficient reason for not producing the original, a copy may be used; experts may use professional treatises.

Example

Priya, a shopkeeper, is asked in Court about a cash sale she recorded last week. To recall the details she refers to and reads from the daybook entry she made that day, and the Court allows this to refresh her memory. When the original daybook cannot be produced, the Court permits her to use a copy after she shows a sufficient reason; an expert could similarly consult a professional treatise.

Bare Act

Enacted text

A witness may, while under examination, refresh his memory by referring to any writing made by himself at the time of the transaction concerning which he is questioned, or so soon afterwards that the Court considers it likely that the transaction was at that time fresh in his memory.

The witness may also refer to any such writing made by any other person, and read by the witness within the time aforesaid, if when he read it he knew it to be correct.

When witness may use copy of document to refresh memory— Whenever a witness may refresh his memory by reference to any document, he may, with the permission of the Court, refer to a copy of such document;

Provided the Court be satisfied that there is sufficient reason for the non-production of the original.
An expert may refresh his memory by reference to professional treatises.

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X

Chapter X

Of the Examination of Witnesses

In this chapter

  • 135Order of production and examination of witnesses
  • 136Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence
  • 137Examination-in-chief
  • 138Order of examinations
  • 139Cross-examination of person called to produce a document
  • 140Witnesses to character
  • 141Leading questions
  • 142When they must not be asked
  • 143When they may be asked
  • 144Evidence as to matters in writing
  • 145Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing
  • 146Questions lawful in cross-examination
  • 147When witness to be compelled to answer
  • 148Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer
  • 149Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds
  • 150Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds
  • 151Indecent and scandalous questions
  • 152Questions intended to insult or annoy
  • 153Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity
  • 154Question by party to his own witness
  • 155Impeaching credit of witness
  • 156Question tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible
  • 157Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact
  • 158What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33
  • 159Refreshing memory
  • 160Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 159
  • 161Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory
  • 162Production of documents
  • 163Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice
  • 164Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice
  • 165Judge’s power to put questions or order production
  • 166Power of jury or assessors to put questions
Previous · Section 158What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33Next · Section 160Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 159