“Voluntarily”
AI Assist
Summary
An effect is caused "voluntarily" when someone either intends that result or uses means he knew or had reason to believe were likely to cause it. It applies even if he did not wish the specific outcome and later regrets it. Such results count as voluntary acts for criminal liability.
Example
Ravi sets fire at night to a shop to distract people and steal goods. He did not intend to kill anyone but knew a burning shop could likely cause death. When a person dies, Ravi is treated as having caused death voluntarily because he used means he knew were likely to cause it.
Bare Act
Enacted textA person is said to cause an effect “voluntarily” when he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it.
Illustrations
(1) A sets fire, by night, to an inhabited house in a large town, for the purpose of facilitating a robbery and thus causes the death of a person. Here, A may not have intended to cause death; and may even be sorry that death has been caused by his act; yet, if he knew that he was likely to cause death, he has caused death voluntarily.
Previous year papers
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